Tibetan language
Spoken in: Tibet, India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan
Region: Tibet, Kashmir, Baltistan
Total speakers: 6,150,000
Language family: Tibeto-Burman
The Tibetan language is spoken primarily by the Tibetan people
who live across a wide area of eastern Central Asia bordering South
Asia, as well as by overseas Tibetan communities all over the world.
Several forms of Tibetan are also spoken by various peoples of northern
Pakistan and India in areas like Baltistan and Ladakh, which are both in
or around Kashmir. Its classical written form is a major regional
literary language; particularly its use in Buddhist literature.
Tibetan is typically classified as a Tibeto-Burman language. Spoken Tibetan includes numerous regional varieties which, in many cases, are not mutually intelligible. Moreover, the boundaries between Tibetan and certain other Himalayan languages are sometimes unclear. In general, the dialects of central Tibet (including Lhasa), Kham, Amdo, and some smaller nearby areas are considered Tibetan dialects, while other forms, particularly Dzongkha, Sikkimese, Sherpa, and Ladakhi, are considered for political reasons by their speakers to be separate languages. Ultimately, taking into consideration this wider understanding of Tibetan dialects and forms, what we might call "greater Tibetan" is spoken by approximately 6 million people across the Tibetan Plateau. Tibetan is also spoken by approximately 150,000 exile speakers who have moved from modern-day Tibet to India and other countries.
Although Classical Tibetan apparently was not a tonal language, some dialects have developed tones. This is particularly true in the Central and Kham dialects, while the Amdo dialect and some in the west remain without tones. Tibetan morphology can generally be described as agglutinative.
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